![]() ![]() Our definition of physical inactivity is converse to the United States (U.S.) government’s definition of physical activity, which is “any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level” ( 82a). In opposite manner, sitting is low intensity, with long-term health effects not clinically apparent within days, but nonetheless unhealthy when first appearing after many years. For example, spinal cord severance is high intensity and health decrements appear within days. Not shown is the volume (intensity × duration) of physical inactivity. Following the arrow from right (low intensity of physical inactivity) to left (high intensity of physical inactivity) shows our estimate of the intensity of physical inactivity per unit of time. Spectrum of the types of physical inactivity. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. ![]() Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. ![]()
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